The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model provides a conceptual framework essential for understanding how network attacks target different aspects of communication systems. This seven-layer model serves as both a foundation for implementing network protocols and a structure for analyzing security vulnerabilities that exist at each level. Understanding these layers and their associated attack vectors enables security professionals to implement comprehensive protection strategies that safeguard networks against increasingly sophisticated threats. Network security requires attention to each layer of the OSI model, as attackers continuously develop methods to exploit vulnerabilities throughout the entire communication stack.